The pore throat size near the wellbore can be very small, requiring more treatment to protect the injection well. Waterfloods are frequently used in existing facilities designed to treat and dispose of contaminants. Operators face significant capital investments to re-engineer facilities to meet stringent treatment goals.

• Frequent fouling of re-injection wells leads to loss in production and potential damage to injector above frac pressure
• Frequent maintenance/intervention of wells to maintain injectivity is required
• Downhole plugging results from neutrally buoyant solids (oil coated sand/scale) passing through existing treatment
• Complex interactions, testing, and operations required by traditional equipment and water treatment chemicals to maintain performance